Notes from Africa
Reply
Sat 8 Mar, 2008 12:18 pm
A friend of mine is in Rwanda for half a year. She's a brilliant writer and she blogs from there. Not sure if i can link to her blog, i presume not, but I thought i'd share some of her writing here every now and then, as it's always a good read.
DECODING THE NEWS
Posted: 07 Mar 2008 02:05 AM CST
Jina Moore
Heres an article from Agence France Press, which is like the A.P. or Reuters-those big news organizations that cover the world in traditional journalism style. Youll recognize it; its that thing Jon Stewart mocks so brilliantly. The article is short, but I made it shorter, so I can get to the point:
Are you asleep yet?
This article shocked me, actually. Whats this person, whoever he or she is who wrote it, really saying? In news journalism, the last thing you write is supposed to be the most expendable. An editor should be able to look at your story and if it doesnt fit in the space, he starts cutting paragraphs, from the bottom up. But in order to understand what this person is really saying, I have to start from the bottom of his article and work my way to the top. That, already, is an indictment, of the article and the model it is based on.
In 1993, the third in a history of ethnic massacres broke out in Burundi. Its an unrecognized genocide, one which shares some of the dimensions of but was somehow eclipsed by Rwandas own genocide in 1994. Strangers killed strangers; neighbors killed neighbors, and at the end of it all, three hundred thousand people had died, whole families were destroyed, and probably some, as in Rwanda, still havent received proper burial. The countrys infrastructure-roads, agriculture, electricity, to say nothing of banks and business-still hasnt recovered; even if it had, generations of talented Burundians arent alive any more, and 15 short years arent quite enough to train those who do remain or who have returned to make a country function.
Since then, the country has slowly been negotiating peace, formally and informally: You can have all the agreements you want, but peace is negotiated every day by the people who live in your country.
As you can probably guess, any history of massacres also means a history of refugees. Even before 1993, hundreds of thousands of Burundians were living in refugee camps in Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda, Congo. As Burundi became stable, they returned home-sometimes because they wanted to, sometimes because their hosts wanted them to leave. So now Burundis population is soaring. So are land conflicts: if I fled from my family home during the second massacres in 1972, and youve been living there since, who owns the house? Does our instinctual answer to that question change if we find out that you, who have been living there, chased we who fled away with a machete? How can we both eat, in a country where people have for generations grown their own food, and where the opportunity to grow food comes only with the right to land, which comes through the family?
And so Some 600,000 Burundians are suffering from food shortages and need emergency aid .Burundi was self-sufficient in 1993 but that the population had since grown by 33 percent while production stagnated.
This is voice for the voiceless?
We say we want to solve problems. How can we solve problems if the very language we use to describe them fails to tell us what they really are? This is not just a problem of journalists. Download a Security Council resolution or a State Department report. Pick up a program report from USAID or CARE, two big players in international aid: This is also a problem of diplomats, and its a problem of development workers. In the course of our professional duties to be objective, or to be scientific, or to be both, we use language to cut out of our jobs the very people we are supposed to be helping. The problem is, we in those professions also profess to be advocating for them.
There is a way to be fair, to be objective, to be clear-headed, to be independent, while also acknowledging the humanity of the people you are working with, the nuance of the context you are working in.
So next time you are writing a world news article, or using a log frame, or advising your boss about policy options, stop for a second and read out loud what you have in your hands. Can you hear anything human in it?
DECODING THE NEWS
Posted: 07 Mar 2008 02:05 AM CST
Jina Moore
Heres an article from Agence France Press, which is like the A.P. or Reuters-those big news organizations that cover the world in traditional journalism style. Youll recognize it; its that thing Jon Stewart mocks so brilliantly. The article is short, but I made it shorter, so I can get to the point:
Quote:
BUJUMBURA (AFP) Some 600,000 Burundians are suffering from food shortages and need emergency aid, the World Food Programmes director in the small central African nation said Thursday.
At preset, we need 60 million dollars to alleviate the suffering of around 600,000 people who are hungry, who are the most vulnerable among the vulnerable, Jean-Charles Dei said ..
In 2008, we expect a shortfall of 486,000 tons of food goods in spite of a two-percent increase in harvests compared to the previous year, Dei said.
He said that 46 percent of the countrys 8.1 million people suffered from chronic malnutrition, explaining that Burundi was self-sufficient in 1993 but that the population had since grown by 33 percent while production stagnated .
Burundi, ranked the worlds third poorest country by the World Bank, is struggling to emerge from a civil war that broke out in 1993 and has cost some 300,000 lives, mostly civilian.
Are you asleep yet?
This article shocked me, actually. Whats this person, whoever he or she is who wrote it, really saying? In news journalism, the last thing you write is supposed to be the most expendable. An editor should be able to look at your story and if it doesnt fit in the space, he starts cutting paragraphs, from the bottom up. But in order to understand what this person is really saying, I have to start from the bottom of his article and work my way to the top. That, already, is an indictment, of the article and the model it is based on.
In 1993, the third in a history of ethnic massacres broke out in Burundi. Its an unrecognized genocide, one which shares some of the dimensions of but was somehow eclipsed by Rwandas own genocide in 1994. Strangers killed strangers; neighbors killed neighbors, and at the end of it all, three hundred thousand people had died, whole families were destroyed, and probably some, as in Rwanda, still havent received proper burial. The countrys infrastructure-roads, agriculture, electricity, to say nothing of banks and business-still hasnt recovered; even if it had, generations of talented Burundians arent alive any more, and 15 short years arent quite enough to train those who do remain or who have returned to make a country function.
Since then, the country has slowly been negotiating peace, formally and informally: You can have all the agreements you want, but peace is negotiated every day by the people who live in your country.
As you can probably guess, any history of massacres also means a history of refugees. Even before 1993, hundreds of thousands of Burundians were living in refugee camps in Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda, Congo. As Burundi became stable, they returned home-sometimes because they wanted to, sometimes because their hosts wanted them to leave. So now Burundis population is soaring. So are land conflicts: if I fled from my family home during the second massacres in 1972, and youve been living there since, who owns the house? Does our instinctual answer to that question change if we find out that you, who have been living there, chased we who fled away with a machete? How can we both eat, in a country where people have for generations grown their own food, and where the opportunity to grow food comes only with the right to land, which comes through the family?
And so Some 600,000 Burundians are suffering from food shortages and need emergency aid .Burundi was self-sufficient in 1993 but that the population had since grown by 33 percent while production stagnated.
This is voice for the voiceless?
We say we want to solve problems. How can we solve problems if the very language we use to describe them fails to tell us what they really are? This is not just a problem of journalists. Download a Security Council resolution or a State Department report. Pick up a program report from USAID or CARE, two big players in international aid: This is also a problem of diplomats, and its a problem of development workers. In the course of our professional duties to be objective, or to be scientific, or to be both, we use language to cut out of our jobs the very people we are supposed to be helping. The problem is, we in those professions also profess to be advocating for them.
There is a way to be fair, to be objective, to be clear-headed, to be independent, while also acknowledging the humanity of the people you are working with, the nuance of the context you are working in.
So next time you are writing a world news article, or using a log frame, or advising your boss about policy options, stop for a second and read out loud what you have in your hands. Can you hear anything human in it?
Reply
Sat 8 Mar, 2008 02:50 pm
Well, dont link, give the url enclosed with some diacritics..
I'm interested.
I'm interested.
0 Replies
Reply
Sat 8 Mar, 2008 03:01 pm
If you google Jina Moore, her blog will come up as the second hit (Notes from Central Africa)
0 Replies
Reply
Sat 8 Mar, 2008 03:09 pm
Forget the malaria, the dengue, the yellow fever
February 11, 2008 ·
Let me tell you what will really kill you in Africa.
I arrived in Kigali in the late morning on Thursday, utterly beaten by my travel and utterly annoyed at my pansy self for feeling beaten. My luggage didnt show up, my nose wouldnt stop running, and I felt a fever, so instead of heading out to the citys outskirts, where I was supposed to stay in a bring-your-own-wash-bucket kind of establishment, I decided, a la Eat, Pray, Love, to take care of my shakra or whatever and go to a hotel I knew in the center of town. There, I could drop my bags, pick up a phone (swindled!), swing by the embassy (no go: as of Jan 1, it has packed up shop and moved across town, where the rest of Kigali is happily gentrifying), and buy a new shirt to replace the rather miserably-scented garment Id been wearing. All that, and take a nap by 3.
The nap lasted until noon the next day. I missed check out and had to shell out another 18,000 francsto put this in perspective, I am told this is more than half of what a doctor earns in Kigali in a monthfor another night. Im nervous, less about the extra cash than about offending my hosts, whod arranged my much more reasonable 5,000 a night stay in the bucket-bath place at my insistence (No, no, I dont need anything fancyno, I dont need a shower. Hot water? Overrated. Yes, Ill bring my own towel. Pack it in my luggage.)
Finally I arrive at the little logement. I get your standard cheap Kigali room, which did me well for a whole month the last time I was here.
But then, I start to feel it. The wheezing.
This is a feeling I know. Its what led to The Great Summer Exodus of 2006, from my otherwise amazing Renovated-and-Then-Overpriced Harlem brownstone to my Humbler-But-Cheaper residence. This wheezing, its sneaky. It starts all subtle, and then its uncontrollable.
Its the last part I forgot about later, wandering wheeze-free through the city with The Law Student who also cares for the logement. We didnt get back until after 10 p.m., and I was beat. I laid downthis next part Im very ashamed of, so please, judge gentlypopped open the laptop and opened the only Greys Anatomy left on my hard drive. (For fans: George calls out the anesthesiologist for being drunk, Izzies mad Meredith is having sex with Derek, and this crazy womans crazier boyfriend swallows her keys to keep her from leaving him.) Not a few minutes go by before I start to realize I am breathing like the crazy boyfriend, hacking like I want to release a doormans set of spares.
I sit up. It gets easier, but not much. I get out of the malaria-canopy (ie, bednet) and go blow my nose. Breathing is much, much easier over there, three feet away, by the (non-functioning) sink. I lay down again, thinking its all in my head.
Nope. Its worse now, and I resolve to sleep on the cement floor. This means exposing myself to Certain Death by Malaria: This particular net doesnt come off the bed, and all my DEET-filled bug spray is in the lost luggage. Upon reflection, I realize if I get malaria, I will notice and it can be treated, whereas if I simply stop breathing in the middle of the night, I might miss that completely. I strip the bed, lay one sheet on the ground and wrap the other around my body. When a mosquito whizzes by my eartheir wings produce a high pitched, almost angry droneI grab my hoody, zip it around my body and tighten the hood around my face like Im sealing up biologically hazardous waste. I think I am Malaria-Impenetrable, until I feel a mosquito on my cheek.
This is where, if youve read this far, you get your reward.
My dad had joked a few days before I left about the airline losing my luggage, so I threw five pairs of clean panties (back off, I learned to speak in Britain) in my carry-on. It dawns on me that the underwear-mask I used as a five-year-old to rob my own piggy bank might be at its most effective now, keeping the Evil Bastards off my face.
Thats right.
Now completely mummified against the sleeping disease, I lay back. Wheezing again. I resolve that I simply must just sleep sitting up, propped against the wall. (Note to Mike Cornick: I like to think that you never intended your joke, which my sister is fond of repeating, to be such a curse.) And this is when I am finally, finally grateful for my inexplicably large ass (Have you met my family? In context, my ass makes absolutely no proportional sense).
So there I sit, waiting for sleep, biding my time mostly by drafting this blog post in my head. Actually, it was, like, totally metaI was, like, sitting there thinking about writing it, and then thinking about writing about thinking about writing it. Way.
Eventually a new narrative emerged, one that involved a woman in a bustle, a bonnet with superfluous fabric and lace gloves. It was immediately clear to me that she was Little Bo Beep (for those keeping score, yes, she had no sheep), which is how I know I mustve gotten some sleep.
Either that, or the Angel of Death is way more non-threatening than any of us ever imagined.
0 Replies
Reply
Sat 8 Mar, 2008 03:19 pm
i find it's usually somewhat (?) shocking to see the "leaders" of some poor nation attending a meeting , coming off an airplane ... ...
they are usually well-fed men , well-dressed , plenty of attendants looking after them ... ...
looks like they have no worry in the world .

when you see how the "ordinary" people have to live - well , that's a different story .

even opposition leaders and rebel leaders often look as if they don't come from the same group of people as those "ordinary" people they claim to represent .
i believe that this is a picture of nelson mandela (yes ,i know who he is) meeting with a government and an opposition leader - i can't tell who is who .
both look like they just came from a health-spa - unfortunately they forgot to invite some of the "ordinary" people .

is there a solution to this sorry state of affairs ?
i certainly don't know .
they are usually well-fed men , well-dressed , plenty of attendants looking after them ... ...
looks like they have no worry in the world .

when you see how the "ordinary" people have to live - well , that's a different story .

even opposition leaders and rebel leaders often look as if they don't come from the same group of people as those "ordinary" people they claim to represent .
i believe that this is a picture of nelson mandela (yes ,i know who he is) meeting with a government and an opposition leader - i can't tell who is who .
both look like they just came from a health-spa - unfortunately they forgot to invite some of the "ordinary" people .

is there a solution to this sorry state of affairs ?
i certainly don't know .
0 Replies
Reply
Sat 8 Mar, 2008 03:25 pm
i'm afraid that's a worldwide problem, hamburger, not just Africa's.
But speaking of "helping" the third world countries, here's another good post from Jina:
I Can't Believe I'm Posting About George Clooney
February 22, 2008
It has come to this. But maybe the it isnt me Hold on, we need some context:
Clooney recently had a dark-night-of-the-soul (or of the red wine, depending) with Time Magazines Joel Stein, about Darfur:
And I genuinely believe theres good in that. But who are we talking to? And do the people whom were talking for think it matters?
A slightly different way of putting this point: During the campaign for divestment from Darfur, someone working closely with the government of Sudan told me that all this American youth activism confused Khartoum; the Sudanese president couldnt imagine why the most powerful man in the world, as they characterize Bush, would ever listen to a bunch of college kids.
One response to this is to say, Thats the beauty of our democracy. But thats a congratulatory way of missing the point. Which is the same one Clooney was making when he worried about turning the people he helps into targets: Even when your noise is the voice of the voiceless, the signal can get lost. At best, when that happens, you simply dont do any good. At worst, you do damage.
This is not the end of this idea its way too pessimistic a thought to end on but it does have to be the end of this post. To be continued, hopefully with lots of ideas from you.
PS: Its a great article, and the only part about Darfur is the excerpted one. Otherwise, its a light, funny read.
But speaking of "helping" the third world countries, here's another good post from Jina:
I Can't Believe I'm Posting About George Clooney
February 22, 2008
It has come to this. But maybe the it isnt me Hold on, we need some context:
Clooney recently had a dark-night-of-the-soul (or of the red wine, depending) with Time Magazines Joel Stein, about Darfur:
Quote:
But now, just three weeks back from having a 14-year-old border guard shove a machine gun at his chest, after recovering from malaria, after helicoptering out of NDjamena, Chad, in a sandstorm three days before the rebels sacked it, he wonders if his critics are right, if this scheme to use celebrity to bring attention to the worlds plights isnt, if not vanity, at least striving after wind. Ive been very depressed since I got back. Im terrified that it isnt in any way helping. That bringing attention can cause more damage. You dig a well or build a health-care facility and theyre a target for somebody, he says. A lot more people know about Darfur, but absolutely nothing is different. Absolutely nothing.
Somewhere in the course of obsessively following news from Darfur, and in believing that even if celebrities like Clooney couldnt make a difference maybe the smartest of the activist types could, I lost the ability to see the difference between activism and noise. Its the right kind of noisein my field, we call it speaking on behalf of the voiceless or something equally self-serving; I dont know what the advocates call it. Raising awareness, I would guess.
And I genuinely believe theres good in that. But who are we talking to? And do the people whom were talking for think it matters?
A slightly different way of putting this point: During the campaign for divestment from Darfur, someone working closely with the government of Sudan told me that all this American youth activism confused Khartoum; the Sudanese president couldnt imagine why the most powerful man in the world, as they characterize Bush, would ever listen to a bunch of college kids.
One response to this is to say, Thats the beauty of our democracy. But thats a congratulatory way of missing the point. Which is the same one Clooney was making when he worried about turning the people he helps into targets: Even when your noise is the voice of the voiceless, the signal can get lost. At best, when that happens, you simply dont do any good. At worst, you do damage.
This is not the end of this idea its way too pessimistic a thought to end on but it does have to be the end of this post. To be continued, hopefully with lots of ideas from you.
PS: Its a great article, and the only part about Darfur is the excerpted one. Otherwise, its a light, funny read.
0 Replies
Reply
Sat 8 Mar, 2008 03:44 pm
I really like her writing style, Dag. I've also read some of the stuff she linked to. Great reading!
0 Replies
Reply
Mon 10 Mar, 2008 11:15 pm
Aid-ing the poor
Posted: 10 Mar 2008 02:00 PM CDT
Jina Moore
It doesnt take all that much time in a place like Rwanda to start wondering if aid works, or how it might work better. Heres an excerpt from a blog I just happened upon, in which a guy from Europe (Germany?) whos been here a lot longer than I raises a few difficult questions:
The failures of the aid industry are becoming more obvious and more difficult to hide. And it is unfortunate, because aid is not bad per se. For me, there are still brilliant people and great organisations doing amazing work in Africa. The methods of the aid industry simply need to change, and people back in the developed world need to begin to understand the change that is needed, in order to start lobbying for it. For example:
- Dont give anything for free. Used clothes from Germany destroy the local textiles market, free American vegetable oil competes with local farmers, free solar power modules put local traders out of business and free money goes to the corrupt and lazy. When you give things for free, you destroy local businesses and livelihoods.
- Use the private sector, even if it means that projects are more difficult. Use local construction companies, hire local companies to implement projects, create joint ventures and public-private partnership, encourage an entrepreneurial mentality. Find ways to deal with the cheats, con-artists and dubious businessmen that leach off donors.
- Stop using cash flow as a way of measuring aid agencies performance. Almost all aid agencies have spending targets as a way of measuring their success in their country programmes. In the aid industry, if youre not spending, youre not working. This encourages reckless spending and bizarre behaviour. At the end of the fiscal year for example, many donors will start spending huge amounts of money on products and consultants with little overall strategy.
So the question is, is it worth continuing with the development aid industry?
You can read the whole post, or the rest of his blog, here. But dont stop coming back to mine. Ill be so lonely.
Greetings, or What am I supposed to do with your hand?
Posted: 10 Mar 2008 05:02 AM CDT
Jina Moore
Anyone whos ever left the States-hell, anyone whos left a small hometown for a big city, or vice versa-knows that awkward squishy feeling of saying your how-do-you-dos. Especially in a foreign culture, its a guessing game of non-verbals a form of communication which itself is totally unreliable, because non-verbals are not universal. That cute little informal wave goodbye in America, the one where you fold your fingers down a few times, means, Hey, come here in much of East Africa.
Its the handshakes that always get me. I have always found them very corporate, and I misjudge them every time. I might remember to grip vigorously-especially if its a man, and hes in a nice suit-but Ill forget to fortify my arm, and I wind up being wobbled about.
Handshakes are not like that in Rwanda, to say the least. Theres a national reprieve from shaking, actually; its more hand touching, the kind of contact that qualifies in the States as the derided limp handshake. But thats whats even weirder, for Americans: lingering contact with a stranger.
Ive noticed three categories of greetings: the extended hand-clasp, not so much a clasp really as a mutual habitation of the same hand-space while greetings are exchanged; the lower-arm clasp; and the full-on hug. (Theres also the three kisses for women, or touches of the head for men, but this, like paper money and bureaucracy, is a legacy of the Belgians.)
The arm-clasp is my favorite, because Ive never seen anything like it. Its like shaking hands but at the wrist level, or higher. I wondered if there was a hierarchy of greetings, if, say, the arm-clasp was for people who arent strangers, but arent friendly enough to hug. A Rwandan friend told me this is clever but completely wrong (see, non-verbals are not universal.). It is, she says, like half a hug, and easier to execute if theres, say, a table in the way.
As for the hugging, another Rwandan woman told me, Its just our culture. We dont feel weve properly said hello to you unless weve hugged you.
I think Rwanda is going to work out okay for me.
Posted: 10 Mar 2008 02:00 PM CDT
Jina Moore
It doesnt take all that much time in a place like Rwanda to start wondering if aid works, or how it might work better. Heres an excerpt from a blog I just happened upon, in which a guy from Europe (Germany?) whos been here a lot longer than I raises a few difficult questions:
The failures of the aid industry are becoming more obvious and more difficult to hide. And it is unfortunate, because aid is not bad per se. For me, there are still brilliant people and great organisations doing amazing work in Africa. The methods of the aid industry simply need to change, and people back in the developed world need to begin to understand the change that is needed, in order to start lobbying for it. For example:
- Dont give anything for free. Used clothes from Germany destroy the local textiles market, free American vegetable oil competes with local farmers, free solar power modules put local traders out of business and free money goes to the corrupt and lazy. When you give things for free, you destroy local businesses and livelihoods.
- Use the private sector, even if it means that projects are more difficult. Use local construction companies, hire local companies to implement projects, create joint ventures and public-private partnership, encourage an entrepreneurial mentality. Find ways to deal with the cheats, con-artists and dubious businessmen that leach off donors.
- Stop using cash flow as a way of measuring aid agencies performance. Almost all aid agencies have spending targets as a way of measuring their success in their country programmes. In the aid industry, if youre not spending, youre not working. This encourages reckless spending and bizarre behaviour. At the end of the fiscal year for example, many donors will start spending huge amounts of money on products and consultants with little overall strategy.
So the question is, is it worth continuing with the development aid industry?
You can read the whole post, or the rest of his blog, here. But dont stop coming back to mine. Ill be so lonely.
Greetings, or What am I supposed to do with your hand?
Posted: 10 Mar 2008 05:02 AM CDT
Jina Moore
Anyone whos ever left the States-hell, anyone whos left a small hometown for a big city, or vice versa-knows that awkward squishy feeling of saying your how-do-you-dos. Especially in a foreign culture, its a guessing game of non-verbals a form of communication which itself is totally unreliable, because non-verbals are not universal. That cute little informal wave goodbye in America, the one where you fold your fingers down a few times, means, Hey, come here in much of East Africa.
Its the handshakes that always get me. I have always found them very corporate, and I misjudge them every time. I might remember to grip vigorously-especially if its a man, and hes in a nice suit-but Ill forget to fortify my arm, and I wind up being wobbled about.
Handshakes are not like that in Rwanda, to say the least. Theres a national reprieve from shaking, actually; its more hand touching, the kind of contact that qualifies in the States as the derided limp handshake. But thats whats even weirder, for Americans: lingering contact with a stranger.
Ive noticed three categories of greetings: the extended hand-clasp, not so much a clasp really as a mutual habitation of the same hand-space while greetings are exchanged; the lower-arm clasp; and the full-on hug. (Theres also the three kisses for women, or touches of the head for men, but this, like paper money and bureaucracy, is a legacy of the Belgians.)
The arm-clasp is my favorite, because Ive never seen anything like it. Its like shaking hands but at the wrist level, or higher. I wondered if there was a hierarchy of greetings, if, say, the arm-clasp was for people who arent strangers, but arent friendly enough to hug. A Rwandan friend told me this is clever but completely wrong (see, non-verbals are not universal.). It is, she says, like half a hug, and easier to execute if theres, say, a table in the way.
As for the hugging, another Rwandan woman told me, Its just our culture. We dont feel weve properly said hello to you unless weve hugged you.
I think Rwanda is going to work out okay for me.
0 Replies
